Little Cat's World

Present Simple (Настоящее простое)

Используй для привычек, рутины и фактов, которые всегда верны.

I work / She works / They work

Добавь -s для he/she/it: He cooks. She plays.

Отрицание: I don't work / She doesn't work

Вопрос: Do you work? / Does she work?

Артикли (Articles)

В русском нет артиклей, поэтому это самая сложная часть!

a/an = любой (a cat = какой-то кот, an apple = какое-то яблоко)

the = мы оба знаем какой (the cat on the table = тот кот на столе)

без артикля = общее понятие (I like music. She goes to work.)

Практика

Вставь a, the или ничего (—):

1. I go to ___ work every day.

2. She bought ___ apple at ___ shop.

3. ___ music makes me happy.

Ответы: 1. — 2. an, the 3. —

Past Simple (Прошедшее простое)

Используй для завершённых действий в конкретное время в прошлом.

Правильные глаголы: добавь -ed

work → worked, cook → cooked, clean → cleaned

Неправильные глаголы (нужно запомнить!):

go → went, see → saw, make → made, eat → ate, buy → bought, sleep → slept

Отрицание: I didn't go (всегда "didn't" + базовая форма)

Вопрос: Did you go? (всегда "did" + базовая форма)

Слова времени

yesterday (вчера), last week (на прошлой неделе), two days ago (два дня назад)

Практика

Поставь в Past Simple:

1. I (cook) borshch yesterday. → I ___ borshch yesterday.

2. She (go) to the shop. → She ___ to the shop.

3. We (not/sleep) well last night. → We ___ well last night.

Ответы: 1. cooked 2. went 3. didn't sleep

Сложные правила артиклей

Без артикля: go to bed, go to work, go to school, at home

С "the": go to the shop, go to the park, go to the kitchen

Правило: Места, куда мы идём ради их ЦЕЛИ (bed=спать, work=работать), без артикля. Физические места требуют "the".

Страны

С "the": the USA, the UK, the Philippines, the Netherlands

Без: Russia, Canada, Turkey, France, Germany

Правило: Страны с "united", "kingdom", "republic" или во множественном числе используют "the".

Частые ошибки русскоговорящих

❌ "I go to home" → ✅ "I go home" (без "to"!)

❌ "She is at the work" → ✅ "She is at work"

❌ "I like the music" → ✅ "I like music" (общее понятие = без артикля)

Present Perfect (Настоящее совершённое)

Используй, когда прошлое связано с НАСТОЯЩИМ.

Формула: have/has + причастие прошедшего времени

I have seen this film. She has been to Canada.

Past Simple или Present Perfect?

"I ate pizza yesterday" = завершено, конкретное время

"I have eaten pizza today" = сегодня ещё не закончился

Ключевые слова

ever = когда-либо (Have you ever been to Turkey?)

never = никогда (I have never seen snow in April)

already = уже (I have already eaten)

yet = ещё (Have you finished yet?)

just = только что (I have just woken up)

Практика

Past Simple или Present Perfect?

1. I ___ (never/try) sushi.

2. She ___ (buy) new shoes yesterday.

3. We ___ (already/eat) dinner.

Ответы: 1. have never tried 2. bought 3. have already eaten

🌟 Ты набрала 10/10 на каждом тесте! Это твоя лучшая тема!

Три способа говорить о будущем

1. Will = решение прямо сейчас, обещание, предсказание

"I will help you." "It will rain tomorrow."

2. Going to = план, который ты уже приняла

"I'm going to visit Turkey." (ты уже решила)

3. Present Continuous = договорённость с временем/местом

"I'm flying to Moscow on Friday." (билет куплен)

Как выбрать

Звонит телефон → "I'll answer it!" (спонтанно, прямо сейчас)

Говоришь о лете → "I'm going to learn to drive" (план)

Подтверждаешь планы → "I'm meeting Dasha at 6" (договорились)

Практика

Выбери will, going to или present continuous:

1. "Look at those clouds!" — "Yes, it ___ (rain)."

2. I ___ (meet) my friend tomorrow at 3pm.

3. "The phone is ringing!" — "I ___ (get) it!"

Ответы: 1. is going to rain 2. am meeting 3. will get

🌟 5/5 на тесте, 7/8 на упражнениях, и ты написала свободное сочинение!

Conditionals — условные предложения (4 типа)

Type 0 — Всеобщие истины (If + Present, Present)

If you heat water to 100°C, it boils.

If I drink coffee late, I can't sleep.

Type 1 — Реальная возможность (If + Present, will + verb)

If it rains, I will stay home.

If you come to Canada, we will meet.

⚠️ После "if" — present, НЕ "will". Главное правило Type 1.

Type 2 — Гипотеза сейчас / в будущем (If + Past Simple, would + verb)

If I had more time, I would travel more.

If I were rich, I would buy a big house.

⚠️ "If I were" (не "was") — формальный английский использует "were" для всех лиц в Type 2.

Type 3 — Гипотеза в прошлом (сожаление) (If + Past Perfect, would have + V3)

If I had studied more, I would have passed the exam.

If we had met earlier, life would have been different.

Практика (8 предложений, 11/12)

1. If it ___ (rain) tomorrow, we ___ (not go) to the park. → rains / won't go (Type 1)

2. If I ___ (be) you, I ___ (apologize) immediately. → were / would apologize (Type 2)

3. If she ___ (study) more, she ___ (pass) the test last week. → had studied / would have passed (Type 3)

4. If I ___ (know) earlier, I ___ (tell) you. → had known / would have told (Type 3)

5. If you ___ (need) help tomorrow, just ___ (call) me. → need / call (Type 1, imperative главная часть)

🌟 11/12. И ты сама прыгнула в Type 3 на свободном предложении после ОДНОГО урока — большинство учеников избегают его месяцами.

Passive Voice — пассивный залог

В активном залоге подлежащее ДЕЛАЕТ действие. В пассивном — подлежащее ПОЛУЧАЕТ действие.

Формула: be + past participle (V3)

Время меняется только в be. V3 остаётся.

• Present Simple: is/are + V3 — The house is cleaned every day.

• Past Simple: was/were + V3 — The window was broken yesterday.

• Present Perfect: has/have been + V3 — The letter has been sent.

• Future: will be + V3 — The report will be finished tomorrow.

• Modal: can/must/should be + V3 — This can be done easily.

Когда использовать passive

1. Когда неважно кто сделал: English is spoken in Canada.

2. Когда не знаем кто: My bike was stolen.

3. Когда действие важнее чем деятель: Zhenya was born in 2024.

Деятель с "by" (если нужен)

The cake was made by Katya.

Практика (5 упражнений из active в passive)

1. Somebody cleans this room every day. → This room is cleaned every day.

2. They have finished the project. → The project has been finished.

3. The company will hire new staff next month. → New staff will be hired next month.

4. People speak English in many countries. → English is spoken in many countries.

5. Somebody has stolen my bike. → My bike has been stolen.

Одна ошибка с Present Perfect Passive — поймана и исправлена пятью дополнительными упражнениями, все правильно.

Reported Speech / Косвенная речь

Когда ты пересказываешь что кто-то сказал.

Direct: She said, "I am tired."

Reported: She said (that) she was tired.

Правило 1: Backshift — сдвиг времени на шаг назад

• Present → Past: am/is/are → was/were

• Present Perfect → Past Perfect: have + V3 → had + V3

• Past Simple → Past Perfect: "I saw him" → She said she had seen him.

• will → would: "I will help" → He said he would help.

• can → could: "I can swim" → She said she could swim.

• must → had to: "I must go" → She said she had to go.

Правило 2: Местоимения меняются

I → he/she ; my → his/her ; we → they

"I lost my keys" → Tom said he had lost his keys.

Правило 3: Слова времени меняются

now → then ; today → that day ; tomorrow → the next day ; yesterday → the day before

"I'll see you tomorrow" → She said she would see me the next day.

Правило 4: SAY vs TELL

say — не нужен адресат: She said that she was tired.

tell — нужен человек: She told me that she was tired.

❌ Нельзя: She told that she was tired.

Практика (5 упражнений direct → reported)

1. Zhenya said: "I am hungry." → Zhenya said he was hungry.

2. My mum said: "I have finished cooking." → My mum said she had finished cooking.

3. Dasha told me: "I will call you tomorrow." → Dasha told me she would call me the next day.

4. The doctor said: "You must rest." → The doctor said I had to rest.

5. Rob said: "I saw a beautiful sunrise yesterday." → Rob said he had seen a beautiful sunrise the day before.

🌟 5/5. Backshift, местоимения, слова времени, say vs tell — всё за одно утро вместе с Conditionals и Passive Voice.

Следующий урок! Native-feel layer (C1) начинается.

Phrasal verbs — глагол + предлог = новое значение. Их сотни, и они везде в живом английском. Без них речь звучит "по-учебнику", с ними — естественно.

Что мы пройдём:

• get family: get up, get on, get off, get over, get along

• put family: put on, put off, put up with, put down

• look family: look after, look for, look up, look forward to

• give family: give up, give in, give back, give away

• come family: come over, come back, come up with

~30 фразовых глаголов, сгруппированных по основному глаголу — так паттерны становятся видны.

Что дальше после Lesson 9:

Lesson 10 — Collocations (heavy rain, make a decision)

Lesson 11 — Idioms (a piece of cake, under the weather)

Lesson 12 — Discourse markers (however, by the way, mind you)

Lesson 13–16: advanced grammar (modals deep dive, mixed conditionals, inversion, cleft sentences)

Lesson 17–20: polish & register (hedging, formal/casual, advanced reported speech, phrasal verbs Part 2)

Напиши мне в Telegram когда будешь готова 💙

Asset — Актив (АС-сет)

Liability — Обязательство (лай-э-БИ-ли-ти)

Equity — Капитал (Э-кви-ти)

Revenue — Доход (РЭ-ве-нью)

Expense — Расход (иск-СПЭНС)

Главное уравнение: Assets = Liabilities + Equity

Reconciliation — Сверка (рэ-кон-си-ли-Э-шн)

to reconcile — Сверять (тэ РЭ-кон-сайл)

Invoice — Счёт (на оплату) (ИН-войс)

to invoice — Выставить счёт

Cash basis — Кассовый метод

Accrual basis — Метод начисления (э-КРУ-ал)

Chart of Accounts — План счетов

HST / GST — Налог на товары и услуги

Sales tax — Налог с продаж

Tax deduction — Налоговый вычет (ди-ДАК-шн)

Deductible — Подлежит вычету

Non-deductible — Не подлежит вычету

Rent — Аренда

Software / Subscriptions — Программное обеспечение / подписки

Telecommunications — Связь / телефон (тэ-ле-кам-ю-ни-КЕЙ-шнс)

Travel — Командировки

Meals & Entertainment — Питание со встречами (только 50% deductible ⚠️)

Marketing / Advertising — Реклама

Professional fees — Профуслуги (юристы, бухгалтеры)

Office supplies — Офисные расходы

Bank fees / Bank charges — Банковские комиссии

Insurance — Страховка

Salaries — Оклады

Wages — Почасовая зарплата

Contractor fees — Подрядчики